Terbinafine

What it is

Terbinafine is a synthetic allylamine antifungal. It is sold as a 250 mg tablet, prescription-only, for fungal nail infection, and as a 1% cream, gel or spray over the counter for fungal skin infection; oral granules are also licensed for scalp ringworm in children. It blocks a fungal enzyme called squalene epoxidase, so the fungus cannot make ergosterol for its cell membrane. It is highly lipophilic and collects in fat, skin and nail, which is why its effects - including its block on the human CYP2D6 enzyme - persist for weeks after the last tablet.

What the research says

For nail infection, Cochrane rates the evidence as high quality: oral terbinafine was six times more likely than placebo to achieve clinical cure, and it probably beats the azoles with the same risk of side effects. For scalp ringworm in children it is as good as griseofulvin overall, better for Trichophyton tonsurans and worse for Microsporum. Topically it clears athlete's foot in about a week where azoles need four. The price of the tablets is systemic: rare liver failure that has led to transplant and death, taste and smell loss that can be permanent, severe skin reactions, and a strong, long-lasting CYP2D6 interaction. Oral tablets gave no advantage over a clotrimazole cream for simple athlete's foot. Terbinafine resistance has now emerged in Trichophyton indotineae.

Evidence grade: Well established.

How it works

Drug class: Allylamine antifungal (squalene epoxidase inhibitor)

Terbinafine blocks squalene epoxidase, an enzyme fungi use early in the chain that makes ergosterol, the sterol that holds their cell membrane together. The fungus dies chiefly because the blocked step causes squalene to accumulate to toxic levels inside it and make the membrane leaky, rather than because ergosterol runs out. Human cells do not use this enzyme in the same way, which is the basis of its selectivity; resistance arises from mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene itself. (Source 1)

What it is used for

• Cochrane found high-quality evidence that oral terbinafine beats placebo for clinical cure (RR 6.00, 95% CI 3.96 to 9.08) and moderate-quality evidence that it beats azoles (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.95) with the same adverse event risk. Evidence on whether it prevents recurrence is weak, resting on one 35-person study. Evidence: established. (Source 2)
• Cochrane found allylamines reduce treatment failure in athlete's foot with a pooled risk ratio of 0.33 versus placebo and do slightly better than azoles head to head. Randomised trials give 1% terbinafine cream for a week results at least equal to four weeks of clotrimazole. Evidence: established. (Source 3)
• Oral terbinafine granules are approved for this in children, but the 250 mg tablet label covers only nail infection. Cochrane's 25-trial review found terbinafine and griseofulvin similarly effective overall, terbinafine better for Trichophyton tonsurans and griseofulvin better for Microsporum species, on evidence from trials all at unclear or high risk of bias. Evidence: limited. (Source 4)
• A randomised double-dummy trial found one week of oral terbinafine 250 mg no better than four weeks of clotrimazole cream for interdigital athlete's foot (72% versus 71% mycological cure), so the oral route adds systemic risk without added benefit for uncomplicated skin infection. Evidence: limited. (Source 5)

Interactions

• Caffeine (coffee, tea, energy drinks) (pharmacokinetic study): Terbinafine slows caffeine clearance by about a fifth, so the same coffee lasts longer in the body. The effect is modest but measured. (Source 6)
• Medicines cleared by CYP2D6: tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, beta-blockers such as metoprolol, class 1C antiarrhythmics (pharmacokinetic study): Terbinafine strongly blocks the CYP2D6 enzyme, so these medicines build up. Desipramine exposure rose five-fold, and the effect was still present four weeks after terbinafine was stopped. (Source 7)
• Fluconazole (and other combined CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole and amiodarone) (pharmacokinetic study): Fluconazole raised terbinafine's own blood levels by about half to two-thirds, so combining antifungals increases terbinafine exposure rather than just adding coverage. (Source 6)
• Rifampin and cimetidine (pharmacokinetic study): Rifampin doubles terbinafine clearance, which can make a nail course fail; cimetidine cuts clearance by a third, raising exposure. (Source 6)
• Warfarin (case reports): Prothrombin times have been reported to go both up and down in people taking terbinafine with warfarin, but the label says causation is unproven - this is spontaneous reporting, not a controlled study. (Source 6)
• Cyclosporine (pharmacokinetic study): Terbinafine raises cyclosporine clearance by about 15%, a small change that can still matter for a drug with a narrow therapeutic range. (Source 6)
• Food in general (pharmacokinetic study): Food barely changes terbinafine absorption, so the tablet can be taken with or without a meal. (Source 6)

Stopping it

• Terbinafine does not cause dependence or withdrawal, but it does leave the body slowly: its block on the CYP2D6 enzyme was still measurable four weeks after the last tablet, so interactions outlast the course. (Source 7)
• Stopping does not reliably undo the taste or smell loss. The label records that taste disturbance may resolve in weeks, last more than a year, or be permanent, and instructs that the drug be discontinued as soon as it appears. (Source 8)
• Smell disturbance behaves the same way and is also a reason to stop the drug. (Source 8)
• Finishing the course is not the same as seeing the result: because the benefit depends on a new nail growing out, the label says the best effect appears some months after treatment ends, which is why people stop too early thinking it has failed. (Source 9)

What goes wrong

In a UK general-practice cohort, clinically significant liver injury on terbinafine was rare and the confidence interval included no excess risk at all. (Source 10)

• Cohort study, Low certainty.
• Size: 69,830 patients prescribed an oral antifungal between 1991 and 1996; 16 validated cases of acute liver injury.
• Who: patients aged 20 to 79 free of liver and systemic disease in the UK General Practice Research Database.
• How long: 1991 to 1996.
• Result: incidence 2.5 per 100,000 person-months (95% CI 0.4 to 13.9) for terbinafine, from a single case, against a background rate of 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1); relative risk 4.2 (95% CI 0.2 to 24.9); ketoconazole by contrast 134.1 per 100,000 person-months.
• Funding: not stated.

Ketoconazole and itraconazole were the two oral antifungal associated with a marked increase of clinical acute liver injury.

Against placebo, oral terbinafine raised liver enzymes, disturbed taste and caused rash about twice as often as placebo in the pivotal trials, but the absolute rates were low. (Source 11)

• Official position, Certainty not rated.
• Size: 465 subjects on terbinafine versus 137 on placebo across 3 US/Canadian placebo-controlled trials.
• Who: adults treated for onychomycosis.
• How long: 6 to 12 weeks of treatment.
• Result: liver enzyme abnormalities at least twice the upper limit of normal 3.3% versus 1.4%; taste disturbance 2.8% versus 0.7%; rash 5.6% versus 2.2%; headache 12.9% versus 9.5%; diarrhoea 5.6% versus 2.9%.
• Funding: manufacturer trial programme reported in the FDA label, effective 2025-09-30.

Liver Enzyme Abnormalities* 3.3 1.4 0.2 0 Taste Disturbance 2.8 0.7 0.2 0

The rare harm that defines terbinafine's risk profile is liver failure, which has led to transplant and death and is not confined to people with known liver disease. (Source 12)

• Official position, Certainty not rated.
• Size: postmarketing case reports summarised in the label; no rate given.
• Who: people taking oral terbinafine, with and without pre-existing liver disease.
• How long: any point during therapy.
• Result: no incidence figure is given in the label; oral terbinafine is contraindicated in chronic or active liver disease.
• Funding: regulatory position, FDA label effective 2025-09-30.

Cases of liver failure, some leading to liver transplant or death, have occurred with the use of terbinafine tablets in individuals with and without preexisting liver disease.

Loss of taste or smell on terbinafine can be permanent, and can be severe enough to cause weight loss. (Source 8)

• Official position, Certainty not rated.
• Size: 2.8% of 465 terbinafine subjects versus 0.7% of 137 placebo subjects reported taste disturbance in the pivotal trials; permanence comes from postmarketing reports.
• Who: people taking oral terbinafine.
• How long: may persist more than 1 year after stopping, or permanently.
• Result: taste disturbance 2.8% versus 0.7% on placebo in trials; the label gives no rate for permanent loss.
• Funding: regulatory position, FDA label effective 2025-09-30.

It can be severe enough to result in decreased food intake, weight loss, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Taste disturbance may resolve within several weeks after discontinuation of treatment, but may be prolonged (greater than 1 year), or may be permanent.

Severe skin reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and DRESS have been reported with oral terbinafine after marketing. (Source 13)

• Case series, Very low certainty.
• Size: spontaneous postmarketing reports; no denominator.
• Who: people taking oral terbinafine.
• How long: during therapy.
• Result: no rate can be calculated from spontaneous reports.
• Funding: regulatory position, FDA label effective 2025-09-30.

There have been postmarketing reports of serious skin/hypersensitivity reactions [e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, bullous dermatitis, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome]

Terbinafine resistance has emerged in the dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae, so the drug now fails outright in some regions. (Source 14)

• Survey study, Low certainty.
• Size: 176 clinical dermatophyte isolates, including 134 T. indotineae, collected over 6 months in Iran.
• Who: clinical dermatophyte isolates from patients in Iran, identified by ITS sequencing.
• How long: a 6-month collection period.
• Result: 66/176 isolates (37.5%) had terbinafine MIC at or above 0.5 ug/ml; 64 of these were T. indotineae (47.76% of 134); high-level resistance (MIC at or above 16 ug/ml) in 50% (32/64) of those isolates; resistance tied to squalene epoxidase mutations.
• Funding: not stated; in-vitro susceptibility, not a clinical outcome study.

Out of 176 dermatophyte isolates, 66 (37.5%) demonstrated terbinafine MICs ≥ 0.5 µg/ml.

Terbinafine is a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor whose effect on other medicines persists for weeks after the last tablet. (Source 7)

• Blood level study, Moderate certainty.
• Size: healthy volunteer interaction studies summarised in the label.
• Who: healthy volunteers characterised as normal or extensive CYP2D6 metabolisers.
• How long: effects still present 4 weeks after stopping.
• Result: desipramine Cmax doubled and AUC rose 5-fold; the dextromethorphan to dextrorphan urinary ratio rose 16- to 97-fold on average.
• Funding: manufacturer studies reported in the FDA label.

In a study to assess the effects of terbinafine on desipramine in healthy volunteers characterized as normal metabolizers, the administration of terbinafine resulted in a 2-fold increase in C max and a 5-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC). In this study, these effects were shown to persist at the last observation at 4 weeks after discontinuation of terbinafine tablets.

What the evidence supports

Oral terbinafine clears toenail fungal infection far more often than placebo, on high-quality evidence. (Source 2)

• Systematic review, High certainty.
• Size: 1,006 participants across 8 trials for the placebo comparison (48 studies, 10,200 participants in the full review)
• Who: people with culture- or microscopy-confirmed toenail onychomycosis, mainly subungual.
• How long: study duration ranged from 4 months to 2 years.
• Result: clinical cure RR 6.00 (95% CI 3.96 to 9.08); mycological cure RR 4.53 (95% CI 2.47 to 8.33)
• Funding: not stated; one study at low risk of bias in all domains, 18 at high risk in at least one domain.

We found high-quality evidence that terbinafine is more effective than placebo for achieving clinical cure (risk ratio (RR) 6.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.96 to 9.08, 8 studies, 1006 participants)

Terbinafine is probably better than azoles for nail cure, with the same risk of adverse events. (Source 15)

• Systematic review, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 2,168 participants across 15 trials for clinical cure; 1,762 participants across 9 trials for adverse events.
• Who: people with toenail onychomycosis.
• How long: 4 months to 2 years.
• Result: clinical cure RR 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.95) favouring terbinafine; mycological cure RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.88); adverse events RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.17)
• Funding: not stated.

There is moderate-quality evidence that terbinafine was probably more effective than azoles for achieving clinical cure (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.95, 15 studies, 2168 participants)

Terbinafine resistance in that survey was species-specific: the common dermatophytes remained susceptible. (Source 14)

• Survey study, Low certainty.
• Size: 176 isolates.
• Who: clinical dermatophyte isolates from Iran.
• How long: 6 months.
• Result: no isolate of T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis or Trichophyton benhamiae was resistant to terbinafine.
• Funding: not stated.

None of the isolates identified as T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton benhamiae were resistant to TRB.

Topical terbinafine clears athlete's foot much more often than placebo and, in one trial, faster than clotrimazole. (Source 16)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 256 randomised, 211 evaluable.
• Who: patients with mycologically confirmed tinea pedis.
• How long: 1 week of terbinafine cream versus 4 weeks of clotrimazole cream, assessed to week 6.
• Result: mycological cure 93.5% versus 73.1% at week 4 (p = 0.0001); effective treatment 89.7% versus 58.7% (p = 0.0001)
• Funding: not stated; design favours the one-week product.

These results indicate that a one week course of terbinafine 1% cream is more effective in the treatment of tinea pedis than a four week course of clotrimazole 1% cream, both in terms of mycological cure and effective treatment.

What the evidence does not support

In the same review the excess of adverse events on terbinafine over placebo was not statistically significant, but the review warned that harm reporting was limited. (Source 2)

• Systematic review, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 399 participants across 4 trials.
• Who: people with toenail onychomycosis.
• How long: trial treatment courses.
• Result: adverse events RR 1.13 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.47)
• Funding: not stated; the review notes only a limited number of studies reported adverse events and severity was not taken into account.

Adverse events amongst terbinafine-treated participants included gastrointestinal symptoms, infections, and headache, but there was probably no significant difference in their risk between the groups (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.47, 4 studies, 399 participants, moderate-quality evidence)

In the pivotal trials, a drop in lymphocyte count was no more common on terbinafine than on placebo, even though severe neutropenia has been reported since. (Source 17)

• Official position, Certainty not rated.
• Size: 465 terbinafine versus 137 placebo subjects.
• Who: adults in placebo-controlled onychomycosis trials.
• How long: 6 to 12 weeks.
• Result: absolute lymphocyte count below 1000/mm3 on two or more occasions in 8/465 (1.7%) on terbinafine versus 3/137 (2.2%) on placebo.
• Funding: manufacturer trial programme reported in the FDA label.

In placebo-controlled trials, 8/465 subjects receiving terbinafine tablets (1.7%) and 3/137 subjects receiving placebo (2.2%) had decreases in ALC to below 1000/mm 3 on 2 or more occasions.

Taking terbinafine by mouth for athlete's foot, an off-label use, was no better than a clotrimazole cream. (Source 5)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 269 patients entered, 137 evaluable (63 terbinafine, 74 clotrimazole)
• Who: patients with clinically diagnosed interdigital tinea pedis at five centres.
• How long: oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 1 week versus clotrimazole 1% cream twice daily for 4 weeks.
• Result: mycological cure at week 4: 72% oral terbinafine versus 71% clotrimazole cream; adverse events equal in both groups.
• Funding: not stated; double-blind double-dummy.

At week 4, the mycological cure rates (negative culture at week 1 and negative results on microscopy and culture at week 4 onwards) were very similar (71% for clotrimazole and 72% for terbinafine).

Where the evidence is mixed

Only a few trials looked at whether nail infection comes back, and the evidence that terbinafine lowers recurrence is weak. (Source 2)

• Systematic review, Low certainty.
• Size: 1 study, 35 participants for terbinafine versus placebo recurrence.
• Who: people treated for toenail onychomycosis.
• How long: follow-up after treatment.
• Result: recurrence RR 0.05 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.38) versus placebo, from a single 35-person study; RR 1.11 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.79) versus azoles across 5 studies, 282 participants.
• Funding: not stated.

Terbinafine and azoles may lower the recurrence rate when compared, individually, to placebo (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.38, 1 study, 35 participants; RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.07, 1 study, 26 participants, respectively; both low-quality evidence).

For scalp ringworm in children, whether terbinafine or griseofulvin is better depends on which fungus is causing it. (Source 4)

• Systematic review, Low certainty.
• Size: 4,449 participants across 25 randomised controlled trials.
• Who: children with tinea capitis.
• How long: trial treatment courses as reported.
• Result: mixed Trichophyton and Microsporum infections RR 1.08 (95% CI 0.94-1.24); T. tonsurans complete cure RR 1.47 (95% CI 1.22-1.77) favouring terbinafine; Microsporum species RR 0.68 (95% CI 0.53-0.86) favouring griseofulvin.
• Funding: not stated; all included studies at unclear or high risk of bias.

Terbinafine was better than griseofulvin for complete cure of T tonsurans infections (risk ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.22-1.77); griseofulvin was better than terbinafine for complete cure of infections caused solely by Microsporum species (risk ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.86).

Where the research disagrees

Whether terbinafine can still be relied on as first-line treatment for dermatophyte infections

• Cochrane review of oral antifungals for toenail onychomycosis (2017), systematic review of 48 randomised trials, 10,200 participants, with GRADE ratings: We found high-quality evidence that terbinafine is more effective than placebo for achieving clinical cure (risk ratio (RR) 6.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.96 to 9.08, 8 studies, 1006 participants) (Source 2)
• Multicentre susceptibility survey of dermatophyte isolates from Iran (Medical Mycology, 2026), in-vitro susceptibility testing with squalene epoxidase gene sequencing; no clinical outcomes: Out of 176 dermatophyte isolates, 66 (37.5%) demonstrated terbinafine MICs ≥ 0.5 µg/ml. (Source 14)

Whether oral terbinafine's liver risk is high enough to matter for a nail infection

• UK General Practice Research Database cohort (Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1999), cohort of 69,830 antifungal users; terbinafine incidence 2.5 per 100,000 person-months from a single case, relative risk 4.2 (95% CI 0.2 to 24.9): Ketoconazole and itraconazole were the two oral antifungal associated with a marked increase of clinical acute liver injury. (Source 10)
• FDA label for terbinafine tablets (effective 2025-09-30), regulatory position based on postmarketing case reports; contraindicates the drug in chronic or active liver disease: Cases of liver failure, some leading to liver transplant or death, have occurred with the use of terbinafine tablets in individuals with and without preexisting liver disease. (Source 12)

How much

• Reference intake: There is no reference intake for an antifungal drug. Dosing is set by the prescriber; the FDA label (effective 2025-09-30) states, as a position, one 250 mg tablet once daily for 6 weeks for fingernail and 12 weeks for toenail onychomycosis. (Source 9)
• Upper limit: No upper limit or acceptable daily intake has been set for terbinafine. The label instead sets absolute bars on use: it is contraindicated in chronic or active liver disease and in anyone with a previous allergic reaction to oral terbinafine, because of the risk of anaphylaxis. That is the label's position, not an intake ceiling. (Source 18)
• Studied: The placebo-controlled onychomycosis trials behind the label gave 465 subjects terbinafine tablets for 6 to 12 weeks, against 137 on placebo. (Source 11)
• Studied: The interdigital tinea pedis trial gave oral terbinafine 250 mg once daily for one week. (Source 5)
• Studied: Topical trials applied terbinafine 1% cream or solution twice daily for one week, followed by vehicle. (Source 19)

A common belief, and what the research shows

The belief: Terbinafine tablets are the obvious answer to any stubborn fungal skin or nail problem, and a longer course will finish the job.

What the research shows: For nails that is broadly right - Cochrane found 'high-quality evidence that terbinafine is more effective than placebo for achieving clinical cure (risk ratio (RR) 6.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.96 to 9.08, 8 studies, 1006 participants)'. For skin it is not: a double-dummy randomised trial found 'At week 4, the mycological cure rates (negative culture at week 1 and negative results on microscopy and culture at week 4 onwards) were very similar (71% for clotrimazole and 72% for terbinafine).' - so tablets added systemic risk with no extra benefit over a cream. And a course that seems to have failed may simply be too soon to judge: 'The optimal clinical effect is seen some months after m' treatment ends, because a new nail has to grow out. In regions where Trichophyton indotineae circulates, failure may instead mean genuine resistance.

Questions and answers

What is it?

Terbinafine is a synthetic allylamine antifungal. It is sold as a 250 mg tablet for nail infections and as a 1% cream, gel or spray over the counter for skin infections. It is not a nutrient and no food contains it. (Source 1)

What does it do in the body?

It blocks a fungal enzyme called squalene epoxidase, which the fungus needs to build ergosterol for its cell membrane. The fungus dies mainly because squalene piles up inside it and wrecks the membrane, not because ergosterol runs short. Human cells do not use this enzyme, which is why the drug is selective. (Source 20)

Is it good or bad for you?

For the infections it treats it is the most effective option in its class: Cochrane rates the evidence against placebo for nail cure as high quality, with a risk ratio of 6.00. The cost is systemic exposure - rare liver failure, taste or smell loss that can be permanent, severe skin reactions, and a strong CYP2D6 interaction lasting weeks. For a simple patch of athlete's foot the cream carries almost none of that, and oral tablets did no better than clotrimazole cream in a randomised trial. (Source 2)

How do you get more of it?

Not applicable as a nutrient. The cream is sold over the counter; tablets are prescription-only and the amount is set by the prescriber. As a position, the FDA label's adult regimen is one 250 mg tablet daily for 6 weeks for fingernails and 12 weeks for toenails. Taking it with food makes little difference. (Source 9)

If it is harmful, what reduces it?

Stopping the tablets is the only route, and the label lists specific triggers for doing so - liver injury, taste or smell disturbance, severe rash, neutrophils at or below 1000 cells/mm3. Clearance is slow: terbinafine lodges in fat and skin and its enzyme-blocking effect was still measurable a month after the last dose, so drug interactions need watching after stopping as well as during. (Source 7)

Why might someone be low in it or missing it?

Not applicable: nobody is deficient in terbinafine. The useful version of the question is why a course fails. Documented reasons are a resistant organism - in one Iranian survey 37.5% of dermatophyte isolates had raised terbinafine MICs, almost all Trichophyton indotineae - rifampin doubling the drug's clearance, and stopping before the new nail has grown out. (Source 14)

Which whole foods contain it or feed it?

No whole food contains terbinafine and none feeds it. Two food-related facts are documented: food raises terbinafine absorption by less than 20%, so meals do not matter much, and terbinafine slows caffeine clearance by 19%, so coffee and tea have a slightly longer effect while someone is on it. (Source 6)

What happens if you do not have it?

Going without treatment means the fungal infection usually persists. In Cochrane's placebo-controlled nail trials, clinical cure was six times more likely on terbinafine than on placebo, so most untreated nails stayed infected. Untreated nail and foot infection is uncomfortable and can interfere with daily activity, but it is not life-threatening, which is why the liver and taste risks of the tablets are weighed against a cosmetic and comfort benefit. (Source 21)

How can you test for it?

There is no routine blood test for terbinafine itself. What is tested is the nail or skin before treatment and the liver during it: the label asks for a KOH preparation, fungal culture or nail biopsy to confirm the diagnosis first, and for liver function tests before starting and periodically during therapy. Laboratory susceptibility testing of the isolate is what detects terbinafine resistance, and surveillance studies call for it routinely where T. indotineae circulates. (Source 1)

References

1. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 1 Indications and Usage, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
2. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. 2017. PMID 28707751, DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd010031.pub2. Read the source
3. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. 2007. PMID 17636672, DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd001434.pub2. Read the source
4. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children: An abridged Cochrane Review. 2017. PMID 27816294, DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.08.061. Read the source
5. The British journal of dermatology. Comparison of one week of oral terbinafine (250 mg/day) with four weeks of treatment with clotrimazole 1% cream in interdigital tinea pedis. 1998. PMID 9892913, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02466.x. Read the source
6. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 7.1 Drug-Drug Interactions from the caffeine study onward, and section 7.2 Food Interactions, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
7. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 7.1 Drug-Drug Interactions, the CYP2D6 studies (desipramine and dextromethorphan), SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
8. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, sections 5.2 Taste Disturbance, 5.3 Smell Disturbance and 5.4 Depressive Symptoms, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
9. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, sections 2.1 Assessment Prior to Initiation and 2.2 Dosage, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
10. British journal of clinical pharmacology. A cohort study on the risk of acute liver injury among users of ketoconazole and other antifungal drugs. 1999. PMID 10594489, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00095.x. Read the source
11. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience, including Table 1, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
12. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 5.1 Hepatotoxicity, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
13. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 5.6 Serious Skin/Hypersensitivity Reactions, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
14. Medical mycology. Multicenter study reveals alarming terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton indotineae isolates from Iran. 2026. PMID 42329781, DOI 10.1093/mmy/myag064. Read the source
15. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. 2017. PMID 28707751, DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd010031.pub2. Read the source
16. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). Comparison of terbinafine and clotrimazole in treating tinea pedis. 1993. PMID 8401048, DOI 10.1136/bmj.307.6905.645. Read the source
17. US Food and Drug Administration / openFDA drug label API. Terbinafine tablet (labeler Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ANDA078297; adverse-event reports to Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.) - FDA prescribing information, section 5.5 Hematologic Effects, SPL effective 2025-09-30. 2025. Read the source
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