Amlodipine; Benazepril

What it is

Amlodipine; benazepril is a single capsule holding two different blood-pressure drugs. The approved labelling describes it as "a combination capsule of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (DHP CCB) and benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor". Amlodipine relaxes artery walls by blocking calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle; benazepril blocks the enzyme that makes angiotensin II. In the United States the combination is licensed only for high blood pressure, in people not already controlled on one of the two drugs alone.

What the research says

The evidence here is unusually good for a combination pill, because one large randomised trial compared it head to head against the alternative combination. In ACCOMPLISH (11,506 high-risk people with hypertension) benazepril plus amlodipine produced fewer cardiovascular events than benazepril plus a thiazide diuretic: 9.6% versus 11.8% over a mean 36 months, an absolute risk reduction of 2.2%. The blood pressure difference between the two arms was under 1 mm Hg, so the difference in outcomes was not explained by better blood pressure lowering. The trial was industry funded (Novartis) and was stopped early. Against that, the amlodipine component causes dose-dependent ankle swelling and the benazepril component causes cough, raised potassium and, rarely, angio-oedema. A prespecified subgroup analysis found the advantage over the diuretic combination was absent in obese patients.

Evidence grade: Well established.

How it works

Drug class: Fixed-dose combination of a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (benazepril)

Benazepril blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme, so less angiotensin II is made. Angiotensin II narrows blood vessels and drives aldosterone release, so blocking it widens vessels and lowers blood pressure, with a small rise in blood potassium as a side effect. Amlodipine separately blocks calcium entry into the muscle of artery walls, which relaxes them and lowers the resistance the heart pumps against. (Source 1)

Boxed warning

WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules as soon as possible (5.1). Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can cause injury and death to the developing fetus (5.1).

(Source 2)

What it is used for

• In the ACCOMPLISH trial this combination beat an ACE inhibitor plus thiazide combination on cardiovascular events, 9.6% versus 11.8% over a mean of 36 months (absolute risk reduction 2.2%). At class level, each 10 mm Hg fall in systolic pressure is associated with about a fifth fewer major cardiovascular events. Evidence: established. (Source 3)
• A prespecified diabetes analysis of ACCOMPLISH (6,946 people) found 8.8% versus 11.0% primary events over 30 months, hazard ratio 0.79. The absolute difference, 2.2 percentage points, is similar to the whole trial. Evidence: established. (Source 4)
• The combination is licensed only for blood pressure, but a prespecified secondary endpoint of ACCOMPLISH found less kidney disease progression with benazepril plus amlodipine, 2.0% versus 3.7% (hazard ratio 0.52). Benazepril alone also slowed progression in a separate trial in advanced non-diabetic kidney disease. Neither trial was designed as a licensing study for this use. Evidence: limited. (Source 5)

Interactions

• Potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics and potassium-containing salt substitutes (label): The benazepril component already raises blood potassium slightly. Adding a potassium supplement, a potassium-sparing diuretic or a potassium-based salt substitute can push potassium high enough to matter, especially with kidney impairment or diabetes. (Source 6)
• St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (label): St John's wort induces CYP3A4, the enzyme that clears amlodipine, so it could lower amlodipine levels and weaken blood pressure control. The size of the effect has not been measured. (Source 6)
• Grapefruit juice (pharmacokinetic study): Unlike several other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine is barely affected by grapefruit juice. A crossover study in 20 healthy men found no meaningful change in amlodipine levels or blood pressure response. (Source 7)
• Grapefruit juice (labelling position) (label): The approved labelling records the same finding from a single-dose study in 20 volunteers. (Source 8)
• Alcohol (label): Alcohol lowers blood pressure further on top of the drug, which can cause dizziness or fainting. The labelling tells patients to raise it with their doctor rather than giving a limit. (Source 9)
• Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) (label): Ritonavir blocks CYP3A, so a course of Paxlovid raises amlodipine levels and can cause low blood pressure and swelling. The Paxlovid labelling names amlodipine specifically and says a dose decrease may be needed. (Source 10)

Stopping it

• There is no withdrawal syndrome and no taper schedule in the labelling, but an open randomised trial in people aged 80 and over found that removing one of two or more blood pressure drugs did not substantially worsen blood pressure control at 12 weeks, and that medication reduction stuck in two-thirds of participants - so stopping or reducing can be a reasonable clinical decision in some older people. The trial was only 12 weeks long and could not measure heart attacks or strokes. (Source 11)
• The one situation where the labelling demands immediate stopping is pregnancy, because drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system can injure or kill a developing fetus. (Source 2)
• Ankle swelling is the commonest reason people come off a calcium channel blocker; in pooled trials about 2% stopped for that reason overall, rising to around 5% by six months. (Source 12)

What goes wrong

Calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine cause peripheral (ankle) swelling several times more often than placebo, and the rate grows with treatment duration and dose. (Source 12)

• Meta-analysis, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 99,469 participants in 106 randomised trials.
• Who: Adults with hypertension.
• How long: Trials of at least 4 weeks; rates reported up to 6 months.
• Result: Peripheral oedema 10.7% with calcium channel blockers vs 3.2% with control/placebo (P<0.0001); withdrawal because of oedema 2.1% vs 0.5%; oedema reached 24% and withdrawal 5% by 6 months; 16.1% with higher doses vs 5.7% with lower doses.
• Funding: not stated in the abstract.

The weighted incidence of peripheral edema was significantly higher in the CCBs group when compared with controls/placebo (10.7 vs. 3.2%, P < 0.0001). Similarly, the withdrawal rate due to edema was higher in patients on CCBs compared with control/placebo (2.1 vs. 0.5%, P < 0.0001).

Cough was the one adverse effect clearly more common with the combination than with placebo in the licensing trials, and about 4% of people stopped treatment because of side effects. (Source 13)

• Official position, Low certainty.
• Size: 760 on the combination, 475 on placebo in pooled US placebo-controlled trials.
• Who: Adults with hypertension.
• How long: Pooled placebo-controlled trials; over 500 of 2,991 treated for at least 6 months.
• Result: Cough 3.3% vs 0.2% placebo; all oedema 2.1% on the combination vs 5.1% on amlodipine alone and 2.2% on placebo; discontinuation for side effects 4% vs 3%.
• Funding: manufacturer-generated labelling (position of the FDA-approved label, DailyMed version read 2026-10-01)

Cough was the only adverse event with at least possible relationship to treatment that was more common on amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride (3.3%) than on placebo (0.2%).

Raised blood potassium occurred in roughly 1.5% of people in the placebo-controlled trials, and the risk rises with kidney impairment, diabetes, potassium supplements and potassium-containing salt substitutes. (Source 14)

• Official position, Low certainty.
• Size: US placebo-controlled trials of the combination.
• Who: Adults with hypertension.
• How long: Not stated for this endpoint.
• Result: Hyperkalemia (serum potassium at least 0.5 mEq/L above the upper limit of normal) not present at baseline in approximately 1.5%.
• Funding: manufacturer-generated labelling (position of the FDA-approved label)

In U.S. placebo-controlled trials of amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride, hyperkalemia [serum potassium at least 0.5 mEq/L greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN)] not present at baseline occurred in approximately 1.5% of hypertensive patients receiving amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride.

Among ACCOMPLISH participants who had chronic kidney disease, ankle swelling affected a third of those on benazepril plus amlodipine, and angio-oedema was more common on that combination than on the diuretic combination. (Source 5)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 561 and 532 participants with chronic kidney disease in the two arms.
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease.
• How long: Mean 2.9 years.
• Result: Peripheral oedema 189 of 561 (33.7%) with benazepril plus amlodipine vs 85 of 532 (16.0%) with benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis)

The most frequent adverse event in patients with chronic kidney disease was peripheral oedema (benazepril plus amlodipine, 189 of 561, 33.7%; benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide, 85 of 532, 16.0%).

A history of angio-oedema on any ACE inhibitor rules the combination out, because the benazepril component can trigger it again. (Source 15)

• Official position, Certainty not rated.
• Size: Not applicable.
• Who: People with previous angio-oedema or hypersensitivity to either component.
• How long: Not applicable.
• Result: Absolute contraindication in the approved labelling.
• Funding: manufacturer-generated labelling (position of the FDA-approved label)

Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules are contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema, with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment, or patients who are hypersensitive to benazepril, to any other ACE inhibitor, to amlodipine, or to any of the excipients

What the evidence supports

In high-risk hypertension, benazepril plus amlodipine reduced a composite of cardiovascular death, heart attack, stroke, angina admission, resuscitated arrest and revascularisation compared with benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide, by 2.2 percentage points in absolute terms. (Source 3)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 11,506 patients.
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high risk of cardiovascular events (60% with diabetes), in the USA and Scandinavia.
• How long: Mean follow-up 36 months; trial stopped early.
• Result: 552 events (9.6%) with benazepril-amlodipine vs 679 (11.8%) with benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide; absolute risk reduction 2.2%, relative risk reduction 19.6%, hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.90), P<0.001.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis; the companion renal analysis of the same trial states its funding source as Novartis)

There were 552 primary-outcome events in the benazepril-amlodipine group (9.6%) and 679 in the benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide group (11.8%), representing an absolute risk reduction with benazepril-amlodipine therapy of 2.2% and a relative risk reduction of 19.6% (hazard ratio, 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.90; P<0.001).

The ACCOMPLISH result cannot be explained by better blood pressure lowering, because the two treatment arms ended within 1 mm Hg of each other. (Source 3)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 11,506 patients.
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk.
• How long: Mean 36 months.
• Result: 131.6/73.3 mm Hg with benazepril-amlodipine vs 132.5/74.4 mm Hg with benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis)

Mean blood pressures after dose adjustment were 131.6/73.3 mm Hg in the benazepril-amlodipine group and 132.5/74.4 mm Hg in the benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide group.

In the prespecified diabetes analysis of ACCOMPLISH the combination also reduced cardiovascular events, by 2.2 percentage points in absolute terms. (Source 4)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 6,946 patients with diabetes (plus 4,559 without)
• Who: Adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
• How long: 30 months.
• Result: 307 (8.8%) primary events with benazepril+amlodipine vs 383 (11.0%) with benazepril+hydrochlorothiazide, hazard ratio 0.79 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.92), p = 0.003.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis)

In the full diabetes group, the mean achieved blood pressures in the B+A and B+H groups were 131.5/72.6 and 132.7/73.7 mm Hg; during 30 months, there were 307 (8.8%) and 383 (11.0%) primary events (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 0.92, p = 0.003).

On the prespecified kidney endpoint of ACCOMPLISH, fewer people on benazepril plus amlodipine doubled their creatinine or reached end-stage kidney disease. (Source 5)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 11,506 patients (prespecified secondary endpoint)
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk, with and without chronic kidney disease.
• How long: Mean 2.9 years.
• Result: 113 events (2.0%) vs 215 (3.7%); hazard ratio 0.52 (0.41-0.65), p<0.0001; absolute difference 1.7 percentage points.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis)

There were 113 (2.0%) events of chronic kidney disease progression in the benazepril plus amlodipine group compared with 215 (3.7%) in the benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide group (HR 0.52, 0.41-0.65, p<0.0001).

Benazepril on its own slowed kidney disease in people with advanced non-diabetic renal insufficiency, and the benefit did not appear to come from blood pressure alone. (Source 16)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 422 enrolled; 224 randomised in the advanced-creatinine group.
• Who: Adults without diabetes with serum creatinine 1.5-5.0 mg/dL.
• How long: Mean 3.4 years.
• Result: 41% vs 60% reached the composite of doubled creatinine, end-stage renal disease or death; 43% relative risk reduction (P=0.005); proteinuria down 52%.
• Funding: not stated in the abstract.

As compared with placebo, benazepril was associated with a 43 percent reduction in the risk of the primary end point in group 2 (P=0.005). This benefit did not appear to be attributable to blood-pressure control.

What the evidence does not support

The advantage of the amlodipine-based combination over the diuretic-based combination was not present in obese patients. (Source 17)

• Randomized trial, Low certainty.
• Size: 5,709 obese, 4,157 overweight, 1,616 normal weight within ACCOMPLISH.
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk, split by body-mass index.
• How long: Mean 2.9 years.
• Result: Event rates per 1000 patient-years in obese patients were similar on both combinations; the amlodipine advantage was confined to overweight (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.94) and normal weight (0.57, 0.39-0.84) patients.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis Pharmaceuticals)

In obese individuals, primary event rates were similar with both benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide and benazepril and amlodipine, but rates were significantly lower with benazepril and amlodipine in overweight patients (hazard ratio 0·76, 95% CI 0·59-0·94; p=0·0369) and those of normal weight (0·57, 0·39-0·84; p=0·0037).

In people aged 80 and over on two or more blood pressure drugs, removing one drug did not meaningfully worsen blood pressure control over 12 weeks. (Source 11)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 569 patients randomised.
• Who: Primary-care patients aged 80 or older with systolic pressure under 150 mm Hg on at least 2 antihypertensives, judged suitable for reduction.
• How long: 12 weeks.
• Result: 86.4% vs 87.7% had systolic pressure under 150 mm Hg (adjusted RR 0.98, 97.5% one-sided CI 0.92 to infinity); mean systolic pressure 3.4 mm Hg higher after withdrawal; serious adverse events 4.3% vs 2.4%.
• Funding: not stated in the abstract.

Overall, 229 (86.4%) patients in the intervention group and 236 (87.7%) patients in the control group had a systolic blood pressure lower than 150 mm Hg at 12 weeks (adjusted RR, 0.98 [97.5% 1-sided CI, 0.92 to ∞]).

Where the evidence is mixed

ACCOMPLISH was stopped before its planned end, which tends to exaggerate the size of a benefit. (Source 3)

• Randomized trial, Moderate certainty.
• Size: 11,506 patients.
• Who: Adults with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk.
• How long: Mean 36 months instead of the planned longer follow-up.
• Result: Early termination triggered by a prespecified stopping boundary.
• Funding: industry-funded (Novartis)

The trial was terminated early after a mean follow-up of 36 months, when the boundary of the prespecified stopping rule was exceeded.

At drug-class level, the benefit of blood-pressure-lowering treatment tracks the size of the blood pressure fall, and calcium channel blockers are not uniformly best - they are better than other classes for stroke but worse for heart failure. (Source 18)

• Meta-analysis, High certainty.
• Size: 613,815 participants in 123 trials.
• Who: Adults in large blood-pressure-lowering trials, with and without existing cardiovascular disease.
• How long: Trials with at least 1000 patient-years per arm.
• Result: Per 10 mm Hg lower systolic pressure: major cardiovascular events RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.77-0.83), stroke 0.73 (0.68-0.77), heart failure 0.72 (0.67-0.78), all-cause mortality 0.87 (0.84-0.91); renal failure not significant 0.95 (0.84-1.07)
• Funding: not stated in the abstract.

Calcium channel blockers were superior to other drugs for the prevention of stroke. For the prevention of heart failure, calcium channel blockers were inferior and diuretics were superior to other drug classes.

Where the research disagrees

Whether an ACE inhibitor plus a calcium channel blocker should be preferred over an ACE inhibitor plus a thiazide diuretic as first-line combination treatment

• The ACCOMPLISH investigators, One large industry-funded randomised trial, stopped early: "There were 552 primary-outcome events in the benazepril-amlodipine group (9.6%) and 679 in the benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide group (11.8%)" - the amlodipine combination prevented more cardiovascular events (Source 3)
• The largest meta-analysis of blood-pressure-lowering trials (Ettehad and colleagues, 2016), Meta-analysis of 123 trials, 613,815 participants: "For the prevention of heart failure, calcium channel blockers were inferior and diuretics were superior to other drug classes." - which class is better depends on which outcome you care about (Source 18)

Whether the ACCOMPLISH advantage applies to everyone with high-risk hypertension

• The main ACCOMPLISH report, Randomised trial, primary endpoint: "representing an absolute risk reduction with benazepril-amlodipine therapy of 2.2% and a relative risk reduction of 19.6%" across the whole trial population (Source 3)
• The prespecified body-size analysis of the same trial, Prespecified subgroup analysis of the same randomised trial: "In obese individuals, primary event rates were similar with both benazepril and hydrochlorothiazide and benazepril and amlodipine" - the advantage was confined to people who were not obese (Source 17)

How much

• Reference intake: There is no reference intake for a prescription medicine; the dose is set by a prescriber. The approved US labelling states the starting dose as amlodipine 2.5 mg with benazepril 10 mg once daily (position of the FDA-approved label, DailyMed version read 2026-10-01). (Source 19)
• Upper limit: The approved US labelling gives the maximum as amlodipine 10 mg with benazepril 40 mg once daily (position of the FDA-approved label, DailyMed version read 2026-10-01). (Source 19)
• Studied: ACCOMPLISH gave benazepril 20 mg plus amlodipine 5 mg once daily, force-titrated upward to reach blood pressure goals, against benazepril 20 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg. (Source 20)
• Studied: The trial in advanced non-diabetic kidney disease gave benazepril 20 mg per day on top of conventional antihypertensive therapy. (Source 16)

A common belief, and what the research shows

The belief: A blood pressure combination works better because it lowers blood pressure more.

What the research shows: In ACCOMPLISH the two combinations ended up within about 1 mm Hg of each other - "Mean blood pressures after dose adjustment were 131.6/73.3 mm Hg in the benazepril-amlodipine group and 132.5/74.4 mm Hg in the benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide group." - yet event rates differed by 2.2 percentage points. At the same time, across 123 trials the size of the blood pressure fall does predict benefit: "Meta-regression analyses showed relative risk reductions proportional to the magnitude of the blood pressure reductions achieved." Both things are true: blood pressure reduction matters, and which drug delivers it can matter too, differently for different outcomes.

Questions and answers

What is it?

It is one capsule containing two blood pressure medicines: amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, and benazepril, an ACE inhibitor. In the United States it is licensed for high blood pressure in people whose pressure is not controlled on either drug by itself. It is a prescription-only medicine, not a nutrient or supplement. (Source 21)

What does it do in the body?

Benazepril blocks the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and triggers aldosterone release. Less angiotensin II means wider vessels, lower pressure and a small rise in blood potassium. Amlodipine works by a different route, blocking calcium entry into the muscle of artery walls so they relax. (Source 1)

Is it good or bad for you?

For people with high blood pressure at high cardiovascular risk, the trial evidence is favourable: in ACCOMPLISH the combination prevented about 2 cardiovascular events for every 100 people treated over three years compared with an ACE inhibitor plus a thiazide. The same drugs bring predictable costs: ankle swelling from amlodipine, cough and raised potassium from benazepril, and rare angio-oedema. It is harmful in pregnancy and must not be used by anyone who has had angio-oedema on an ACE inhibitor. (Source 3)

How do you get more of it?

This does not apply the way it does for a nutrient. There is no food or behaviour that provides amlodipine or benazepril; the only source is a prescription, and the amount is chosen and adjusted by a prescriber. The approved labelling describes a starting dose and an upper dose, and says the dose should be individualised to the person's response. (Source 19)

If it is harmful, what reduces it?

When the drug itself is causing trouble, the evidence is about reducing or stopping it, which is a prescriber's decision. In the OPTIMISE trial, taking one blood pressure drug away from people aged 80 and over on two or more did not meaningfully worsen blood pressure control over 12 weeks. Ankle swelling, the commonest complaint with amlodipine, resolves on withdrawal and leads more than 5% of long-term users to stop. (Source 11)

Why might someone be low in it or missing it?

People end up without it mainly because they stop taking it or it is stopped for them. In the licensing trials about 4% discontinued because of side effects, most often cough and swelling, against 3% on placebo. It is also stopped deliberately in pregnancy, and it cannot be used at all by people with a history of angio-oedema on an ACE inhibitor. (Source 13)

Which whole foods contain it or feed it?

No whole food contains amlodipine or benazepril. Food matters here only through interactions: potassium-rich salt substitutes add to the potassium-raising effect of benazepril, while grapefruit juice - which does interfere with several related calcium channel blockers - has no appreciable effect on amlodipine. The capsules can be taken with or without food. (Source 14)

What happens if you do not have it?

Without treatment, blood pressure stays higher, and across 123 trials in 613,815 people the risk of major cardiovascular events falls in proportion to how far systolic pressure is lowered. Every 10 mm Hg lower systolic pressure went with about a fifth fewer major cardiovascular events, a quarter fewer strokes and 13% lower all-cause mortality. These are averages from trial populations, not a prediction for one person. (Source 18)

How can you test for it?

There is no routine blood test for the drug itself. What is measured is the effect: blood pressure, plus serum potassium and kidney function because of the benazepril component. Blood pressure measurement is less reliable than people assume - against 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, clinic readings over 140/90 had about 75% sensitivity and 75% specificity and home readings about 86% sensitivity and 62% specificity, so a single setting is not a sufficient test on its own. (Source 22)

References

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2. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, boxed warning: WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY. 2026. Read the source
3. The New England journal of medicine. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients.. 2008. PMID 19052124, DOI 10.1056/nejmoa0806182. Read the source
4. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes.. 2010. PMID 20620720, DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.046. Read the source
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6. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 7.1 Drug/Drug Interactions. 2026. Read the source
7. British journal of clinical pharmacology. Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine.. 2000. PMID 11069440, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00283.x. Read the source
8. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 12.3 Pharmacokinetics (drug interaction studies). 2026. Read the source
9. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 17 Patient Counseling Information. 2026. Read the source
10. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) - FDA prescribing information, section 7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions. 2026. Read the source
11. JAMA. Effect of Antihypertensive Medication Reduction vs Usual Care on Short-term Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Hypertension Aged 80 Years and Older: The OPTIMISE Randomized Clinical Trial.. 2020. PMID 32453368, DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.4871. Read the source
12. Journal of hypertension. Peripheral edema associated with calcium channel blockers: incidence and withdrawal rate--a meta-analysis of randomized trials.. 2011. PMID 21558959, DOI 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283472643. Read the source
13. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience. 2026. Read the source
14. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 5.6 Hyperkalemia. 2026. Read the source
15. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 4 Contraindications. 2026. Read the source
16. The New England journal of medicine. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency.. 2006. PMID 16407508, DOI 10.1056/nejmoa053107. Read the source
17. Lancet (London, England). Effects of body size and hypertension treatments on cardiovascular event rates: subanalysis of the ACCOMPLISH randomised controlled trial.. 2013. PMID 23219284, DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61343-9. Read the source
18. Lancet (London, England). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. 2016. PMID 26724178, DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01225-8. Read the source
19. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, section 2.1 General Considerations. 2026. Read the source
20. Lancet (London, England). Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.. 2010. PMID 20170948, DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62100-0. Read the source
21. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (FDA-approved labeling). Amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride capsules - FDA prescribing information, sections 1 and 1.1 Indications and Usage. 2026. Read the source
22. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review.. 2011. PMID 21705406, DOI 10.1136/bmj.d3621. Read the source